Resumen Las pasturas son ecosistemas antropizados que ofrecen recursos alimenticios de bajo costo, principalmente para la alimentación de rumiantes, siendo la base para la producción y los medios de vida en muchas zonas rurales del mundo. La producción basada en pasturas tiene importancia por las implicaciones sociales, ambientales y económicas. Aquí la aplicación de la sostenibilidad juega un papel destacado, porque permite satisfacer tanto las necesidades de las generaciones presentes como las de las futuras. Los objetivos del presente artículo de revisión fueron los siguientes: presentar el avance y la aplicación del concepto de sostenibilidad enfocado en pasturas, y relacionar indicadores para la medición de sostenibilidad en pasturas del trópico. Este artículo describe la sostenibilidad, los indicadores para la medición de la sostenibilidad, las pasturas en el trópico húmedo de la Amazonia, la sostenibilidad aplicada a las pasturas y, finalmente, los indicadores y las métricas para evaluar la sostenibilidad en pasturas. En conclusión, una pastura sostenible debe proporcionar beneficios al suelo, las plantas y los animales, así como proveer medios de vida a la familia gestora del sistema mediante prácticas de manejo adecuadas, que permitan la resiliencia del sistema de pastura y conserven o mejoren los recursos naturales para las generaciones presentes y futuras.

Abstract Pastures are anthropogenic ecosystems that offer lowcost food resources mainly for feeding ruminants, being the base for production and livelihoods in many rural areas worldwide. Pasturebased production is important for the social, environmental and economic implications where sustainability plays a prominent role because it meets both the needs of present and future generations. The aims of this review article were the following: to show the progress and application of the sustainability concept focused on pastures, and to relate indicators for the measurement of pasture sustainability in the tropics. This article describes the sustainability, the indicators for sustainability, the pastures in the humid tropics of the Amazon region, the sustainability applied to pastures, and finally, provides indicators and metrics to evaluate sustaina-bility in pastures. In conclusion, a sustainable pasture must provide benefits to the soil, the plants, and the animals, as well as provide livelihoods to the family that manages the system through appropriate management practices that allow the resilience of the pasture system and the conservation or improvement of natural resources for present and future generations.

Resumen Los resultados del análisis descriptivo y técnico de artefactos identitarios de la comunidad Indígena Emberá Katío del resguardo Jaidukama ubicada en el Municipio de Ituango, Departamento de Antioquia (Colombia), nos muestra que, para comprender las relaciones culturales mediadas por artefactos, es necesario establecer un análisis relacional entre el individuo y el colectivo de personas que lo usan, el contexto cultural y la acción simbólica y material que trasmite el artefacto; este, es el caso del Chindau y el Jawaho, dos objetos con capacidades físicas y mecánicas que cumplen funciones que hacen posibles actividades prácticas cotidianas en la comunidad.

Abstract The results of the descriptive and technical analysis of identity artifacts of the Emberá Katío indigenous community of the Jaidukama indigenous protected area, located in the Municipality of Ituango, State of Antioquia (Colombia), shows us that, in order to understand the cultural relationships mediated by artifacts, it is necessary to establish a relational analysis between the individual and the group of people who use them, the cultural context, and the material and symbolic action that the artifact conveys. This is the case of the Chindau and the Jawaho, which are two objects with mechanical and physical capabilities that meet functions, which make possible daily practical activities in the community.

Abstract Background Dengue virus infection can have different complications; the best known is hemorrhagic dengue fever. However, other effects such as neurological disorders may endanger the lives of patients. Dengue neurological manifestations can be confused with encephalitis symptoms and can lead to cerebral edema and death. Therefore, we consider important in the endemic areas to take into account the diagnosis of dengue encephalitis in patients with neurological disorders, and to request the determination of serology in cerebrospinal fluid for the NS1 antigen test. Case presentation We present the cases of two patients from the state of Morelos, Mexico, with 17 and 14 years of age. Both cases presented a rapid evolution characterized by fever, seizures and neurological deterioration secondary to severe cerebral edema that evolved to cerebral death in both cases. The diagnosis of brain death was confirmed by electroencephalogram in both patients. The two patients were submitted to serology for NS1 that tested positive in both cases. They died between the second and fifth day after admission. Conclusions Retrospective studies have found that up to 4% of the patients have dengue virus infections, which leads us to believe that in endemic areas, this infection should be suspected in cases of encephalic and febrile symptoms. RT-PCR should be performed to identify cases of encephalitis caused by the dengue virus, and early interventions should be performed to attempt to reduce the morbidity and mortality of these cases.

Triatoma venosa presents a restricted geographical distribution in America and is considered as a secondary vector of Chagas disease in Colombia and Ecuador. A total of 120 adult insects were collected in domestic and peridomestic habitats in an endemic area of the department of Boyacá, Colombia, in order to determine their genetic structure through morphometric and molecular techniques. The head and wings of each specimen were used for the analyses of size, shape, and sexual dimorphism. A significant sexual dimorphism was found, although no differences in size among the studied groups were detected. Differences were found in the analyzed structures except for male heads. DNA was extracted from the legs in order to carry out the internal transcriber space-2 (ITS-2) amplification and the randon amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. Length polymorphisms were not detected in the ITS-2. Fst and Nm values were estimated (0.047 and 3.4, respectively). The high genetic flow found among the insects captured in the domicile and peridomiciliary environment does not permit a genetic differentiation, thus establishing the peridomicile as an important place for epidemiological surveillance.